Most children with viral meningitis recover completely. For acute bacterial meningitis, prompt treatment using intravenous antibiotics and cortisone medications can help ensure recovery and prevent complications like seizures and swelling of the brain. We evaluated the data on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment of bacterial meningitis and considered in depth the information from animal models that may have potentially important applications in the treatment of human disease. Neonatal meningitis leads to deafness, blindness, cerebral palsy, seizures, hydrocephalus or cognitive.
Findings typically include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Pdf pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. The inflammatory reaction involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space and the brain parenchymal vessels and contributes to neuronal injury. Bacterial meningitis is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with. Meningitis is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. In the past 1015 years, viral meningitis has been recognised increasingly, and can be a substantial cause of morbidity. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as. Dec 07, 2017 tuberculous meningitis tbm develops in 2 steps. Oct 21, 2009 meningitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection or by brain trauma, cancer, or drugs. Dec, 2016 meningitis is generally caused by an infection, but chemical meningitis may also occur in response to a bacterial irritant injected into the subarachnoid space.
Acute bacterial meningitis neurologic disorders merck. Vsu student health center nursing staff what is meningitis. The meninges are the three membranes that along with the cerebrospinal fluid, enclose and protect the structures of the nervous system like the brain and the spinal cord. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli enter the host by droplet inhalation. From the first description of meningococcemia and meningococcal meningitis, before.
Streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis are the most common and most aggressive pathogens of meningitis. The pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, including colonization of the nasopharynx. Bacterial factors related to invasiveness in the nasopharynx include adhesion factors, iga protease production, ciliary inhibiting factors, the polysaccharide capsule, and surface antigens which may. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space that can also involve the brain cortex and parenchyma. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards quizlet. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis involve a complex interplay between virulence factors of the pathogens and the host immune response. Most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization.
Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance pdf ammedicine. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis sciencedirect. Mechanisms of brain injury in bacterial meningitis. Knowing whether meningitis is caused by a virus or a bacterium is important because of. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as possible. This is normally caused by infection but can also have non. Since the widespread introduction of conjugate vaccines against haemophilus influenzae type b in 1992, neisseria meningitidis serogroup c in 1999, and streptococcus pneumoniae in 2002, the incidence of communityacquired bacterial meningitis has been declining. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and. Autoimmune encephalitis pathophysiology medical news. The image below depicts acute bacterial meningitis. Increased inflammation in bacterial meningitis results a higher icp and thus a high opening pressure. Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis, an inflammation of the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. This monograph on bacterial meningitis, prepared by a noted internal medicine authority, describes exciting, new advances in the field of meningitis.
Casp1 plays a central role in the generation of mature il1. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as the host mounts an inflammatory response. For more detailed information see references section. It is often less severe than bacterial meningitis, and most people get better on their own without treatment. Meningitis occurs in people of all ages, but it is more common in children and people over 65.
Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent. It can be acquired spontaneously in the community communityacquired. Much rarer causes include fungi or malignant cancer cells. Factors associated with invasion include viral infection, dry dusty air, and passive smoking. May 30, 2018 meningitis occurs when the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis david m.
Viral aseptic meningitis is a serious, but not usually fatal with people with healthy immune systems. Despite the availability of bactericidal antibiotics with potent in vitro activity against the major meningeal pathogens, the morbidity and mortality from bacterial meningitis remains unacceptably high. Meningitis occurs when the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. Recurrent bacterial meningitis is a much less common phe. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Bacterial meningitis download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Viral meningitis is most often caused by an enterovirus. The vast majority of meningitis cases are caused by suppurative bacteria and the organsim relates to the sex of the patient. This axial nonenhanced computed tomography scan shows mild ventriculomegaly and sulcal effacement.
Additionally, people with weak immune systems are more at risk for meningitis. Neurologic sequelae from bacterial meningitis can be grouped into three categories. Acute bacterial meningitis merck manuals professional edition. Smoking, secondhand smoke and crowded living conditions also increase the risk for some kinds of.
Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. Pdf bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring. Classification infectious meningitis is broadly classified into three groups. Bacterial meningitis can be lifethreatening and spreads between people in close contact with each other. Approximately 10,000 cases of bacterial meningitis occur each year in the united states, whereas other parts of the world have substantially higher incidences.
Treatment includes management of shock with restoration of blood volume. Infection of leptomeninges arachnoid and pia maters and subarachnoid space may be bacterial purulent or viral aseptic may be due to infection somewhere else in the body that has spread into the blood and csf. Pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis international journal of. Scheme depicting the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis 1 mucosal colonization and systemic invasion most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. Bacterial meningitis remains a disease with associated unacceptable morbidity and mortality rates despite the availability of effective bactericidal antimicrobial therapy. In vitro infection of human nasopharyngeal cells in organ culture with meningococci or h. The treatment for meningitis depends on the particular type or cause. This is normally caused by infection but can also have noninfectious causes. The mumps, measles, influenza, west nile, and herpes viruses also can cause meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is very serious because its onset is rapid and the infection is associated with a significant risk of death. Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly progressive bacterial infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space. Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance provides you with a concise overview of a number health. Meningitis powerpoint 2009 warren hills regional school.
Meningitis is generally caused by an infection, but chemical meningitis may also occur in response to a bacterial irritant injected into the subarachnoid space. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. In persons who develop tbm, bacilli seed to the meninges or brain parenchyma, resulting in the formation of small subpial or. Through the use of experimental animal models of infection, a great deal of information has been gleaned concerning the pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms operable in. Meningitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection or by brain trauma, cancer, or drugs. It can be treated with appropriate antibiotics that also prevents spread. Animal models have proven to be extremely valuable in the study of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis, with the hopes of providing new information that may lead to an. Jul 16, 2019 meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges. In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. The role of caspase casp1 in the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis has been the subject of recent experiments. Ppt bacterial meningitis powerpoint presentation free.
Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards. Renal failure, pulmonary oedema, gastrointestinal ischaemia, and brain impairment may follow. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. A variety of treatments aimed at reducing the inflammatory response have been tried with mixed results. Neisseria meningitidis is remarkable for the diversity of interactions that the bacterium has with the human host, ranging from asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonisation affecting virtually all members of the population. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Pdf no bacterial disease has undergone a more dramatic change in. Can people with meningitis pass the illness to others. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis ncbi. Central nervous system involvement may also be due to meningitis.
Bamberger, md, university of missourikansas city school of medicine, kansas city, missouri a cute meningitis is a medical emer. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. When meningococci invade the bloodstream, endotoxin is released from the bacteria. Start studying unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis. Localized infection escalates within the lungs, with dissemination to the regional lymph nodes.
This text has been written with the intention of making the sometimes complex subject of pathophysiology understandable and stimulating. Much of our understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis has been obtained using animal models of s. Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of. The principles of management of meningitis and septicaemia are best understood by having a basic knowledge of their pathophysiology 40. Bacterial meningitis is the most common and serious bacterial infection of the central nervous system cns, char acterized by an acute purulent infection of the. Neonatal meningitis is a severe acute infectious disease of the central nervous system and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Incidence, aetiology, and sequelae of viral meningitis in uk. Through the use of experimental animal models of infection, a great deal of information has been gleaned concerning the pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms operable in bacterial meningitis. Most cases of meningitis result from infections that are contagious. The development of bacterial meningitis progresses through four interconnected phases. Bacterial meningitis pathophysiology armando hasudungan. However, its very important for anyone with symptoms of meningitis to see a healthcare provider as soon.
Many people are nasopharyngeal carriers of neisseria meningitidis but few develop invasive disease. Emerging antibiotic resistance is an upcoming challenge. Feb 27, 2019 the meninges are the three membranes that along with the cerebrospinal fluid, enclose and protect the structures of the nervous system like the brain and the spinal cord. Acute pyogenic bacterial meningitis aseptic usually acute viral meningitis chronic. Infection of the fluid in the spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain viral or bacterial etiology is important because of the seriousness of the illness and the treatment needed viral meningitis usually clears up in a week or two with no specific treatment common. It is likely that ros play an important role in the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis.
Nov 07, 2017 bacterial meningitis pathophysiology armando hasudungan. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. The early diagnosis of any underlying pathology is cru. Further information on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis should lead to the development of more innovative treatment andor preventive strategies for this disorder. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Additionally, ventilator assistance, kidney dialysis or other supportive treatments may be needed. Pathophysiology of neonatal acute bacterial meningitis. Pathophysiology questions and answers pdf download. There are several types of this disease, including bacterial, viral, and fungal. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membrane covering the brain. Ultimately, a structured approach and early diagnosis of any underlying pathology are crucial to prevent further episodes and improve the overall outcome for the affected individual. Causes of meningitis meningitis is due to infection with either viruses or bacteria.
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